Pigment and age spots, also known as sunspots or liver spots, are darkened areas of skin that typically appear with age. They are caused by an increase in melanin production, often triggered by prolonged sun exposure over the years. UV radiation damages skin cells, leading to uneven pigmentation and the formation of spots, usually on areas frequently exposed to the sun, like the face, hands, and shoulders.

Sagging skin is primarily caused by the natural aging process, as the production of collagen and elastin—proteins that provide skin with firmness and elasticity—declines over time. This loss leads to skin loosening and sagging. Sun exposure accelerates this process, causing photoaging and further weakening of the skin’s support structure. Other factors, such as smoking, dehydration, poor diet, and a lack of sleep, can also contribute by damaging the skin’s ability to regenerate and maintain moisture.

Dull skin can be caused by several factors, often linked to a buildup of dead skin cells, poor circulation, or dehydration. As we age, skin cell turnover slows, leading to a lack of radiance. Sun damage can also cause uneven skin tone, making skin appear lackluster.

Redness and rosacea are often caused by a combination of genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle triggers. Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that leads to redness, visible blood vessels, and sometimes pustules, primarily affecting the face. Its exact cause is unknown, but a genetic predisposition, along with an overactive immune system, is believed to play a significant role. Environmental triggers, such as sun exposure, stress, hot or cold weather, spicy foods, alcohol, and certain skincare products, can worsen rosacea.