Pigment and age spots, also known as sunspots or liver spots, are darkened areas of skin that typically appear with age. They are caused by an increase in melanin production, often triggered by prolonged sun exposure over the years. UV radiation damages skin cells, leading to uneven pigmentation and the formation of spots, usually on areas frequently exposed to the sun, like the face, hands, and shoulders.

Acne scarring occurs when inflamed acne lesions damage the skin’s deeper layers, causing tissue loss or irregular healing. There are two main types: atrophic scars, which are sunken or pitted, and hypertrophic scars, which are raised and thick. Atrophic scars result from a loss of collagen, while hypertrophic scars occur due to excess collagen production. Factors like picking at acne, severe breakouts, and delayed treatment can worsen scarring.

Lines and wrinkles are primarily caused by the natural aging process, as skin loses collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid, which are essential for maintaining firmness and elasticity. Sun exposure accelerates this breakdown, leading to photoaging and the development of fine lines, particularly around the eyes and mouth. Repeated facial expressions, such as smiling or frowning, cause dynamic wrinkles that deepen over time. Smoking, poor diet, and dehydration also contribute by reducing skin’s ability to regenerate and maintain moisture.